Bank Performance of State, Private, and Foreign Owned Banks in Türkiye

Abstract

The aim of this study is to identify the bank-specific and macroeconomic factors influencing profitability in Türkiye, using panel data analysis covering 2013 to 2023. In this study, the profitability determinants are analyzed using annual bank data for specific bank groups. The analysis provides a comparative examination of bank performance based on ownership structures, such as public, private, and foreign capital banks. Return on assets (ROA) is used as an indicator of profitability and also serves as the dependent variable. The Kruskal-Wallis test was employed to examine differences between banking groups, while Spearman’s rank correlation was used for univariate correlations. A logit model, a type of generalized linear model (GLM), was applied for multivariable analysis. Key indicators such as Return on Assets (ROA), Bank Size (BS), Asset Quality Ratio (AQR), Capital Adequacy (CAP), Non-Performing Loans (NPL), Net Interest Income (NII), and Liquidity (LIQ) were found to significantly affect ROA across all types of banks. However, the extent of their influence varied depending on the banks' ownership structure.